Development of Care and Professional Identity in an Interprofessional Health Team: Graduation, Residency and Professional Practice as a Window of Opportunity / Desarrollo del Equipo Interprofesional de Atención e Identidad Profesional en Salud: Graduación y Posgrado como Ventana de Oportunidad / Desenvolvimento do Cuidado em Equipe Interprofissional e da Identidade Profissional em Saúde: Graduação e Pós-Graduação como Janela de Oportunidade

This integrative review analyzes aspects of professional identity (PI) and its relationship with teamwork, with patient care and safety, in multidisciplinary health teams; from graduation, residency and professional performance. Twenty-two papers were studied, over a period of five years, from the Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases, classified into eleven professional categories, resulting in six papers with undergraduate students, five with undergraduates in professional internships, and eleven with health professionals, including residents. The construction process of the PI of residents and professionals who work in the hospital environment was analyzed, noting that, for the medical profession, it is necessary to change the paradigm regarding PI and teamwork, while for the other professionals it is that It is necessary to develop the PI process from graduation onwards, as an important factor in the work environment, for the management of conflicts between members of the health teams.

Esta revisión integradora analiza aspectos de la identidad profesional (IP) en equipos multiprofesionales de salud, desde la graduación. Se estudiaron veintidós artículos, en un período de cinco años, de las bases de datos Embase, Scopus y Web of Science, clasificados en once categorías profesionales, resultando seis artículos con estudiantes de pregrado, cinco con prácticas profesionales y once con profesionales de la salud. Se analizó el proceso de construcción de la IP de los residentes y profesionales que actúan en el ámbito hospitalario, observando que, para la profesión médica, es necesario un cambio de paradigma sobre la IP y el trabajo en equipo, mientras que para los demás profesionales es necesario desarrollar la Proceso de PI en el ambiente de trabajo, como factor importante para la gestión de conflictos entre los integrantes de los equipos de salud.

Esta revisão integrativa analisa aspectos da identidade profissional (IP) em equipes multiprofissionais da saúde, desde a graduação. Foram estudados vinte e dois artigos, no período de cinco anos, das bases de dados Embase, Scopus e Web of Science, classificados em onze categorias profissionais, resultando em seis artigos com alunos de graduação, cinco com estágios profissionalizantes e onze com profissionais da saúde. Analisou-se o processo de construção da IP de residentes e profissionais que atuam no ambiente hospitalar, observando-se que, para a profissão médica é necessária a mudança de paradigma sobre IP e trabalho em equipe, enquanto que para os demais profissionais faz-se necessário desenvolver o processo de IP no ambiente de trabalho, como fator importante para a gestão de conflitos entre os integrantes das equipes de saúde.

Is Modified Early Warning Score associated with clinical outcomes of patients admitted to a university internal medicine ward?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the MEWS association with the clinical outcomes (CO) of patients admitted to an internal medicine ward (IMW) at a Brazilian university hospital (UH). INTRODUCTION: It is important to quickly identify patients with clinical deterioration, especially in wards. The health team must recognize and act before the situation becomes an adverse event. In Brazil, nurses' work to overcome performance myths and the application of standardized predictive scales for patients in wards is still limited. DESIGN: An observational cohort study designed and developed by a registered nurse that followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist. METHODS: Data were collected from the IMW of a UH located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil (2017). An ROC curve was calculated to strengthen the use of a MEWS of < or ≥ 4 as a cutoff. CO of the two subgroups were compared. RESULTS: Three hundred patients completed the study; their vital signs were recorded consecutively throughout hospitalization in the IMW. The highest MEWS value each day was considered for analysis. Scores < 4 were significantly associated with a higher probability of hospital discharge, a lower chance of transfer to the ICU, a lower total number of days of hospitalization, and a lower risk of death. Score ≥ 4 had worse CO (orotracheal intubation and cardiac monitoring), transfer to the ICU, and increased risk of death. CONCLUSION: Scores < 4 were associated with positive outcomes, while scores ≥ 4 were associated with negative outcomes. MEWS can help prioritize interventions, increase certainty in decision-making, and improve patient safety, especially in a teaching IMW with medical teams undergoing professional development, thereby ensuring the central role of the nursing team in Brazil. RELEVANCE FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE: MEWS aid nurses in identifying and managing patients, prioritizing interventions through assertive decision-making.

Effectiveness of a SNAPPS in psychiatric residents assessed using objective structured teaching encounters: a case-control study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Residents play the role of teachers in almost one-quarter of their activities in residency programs. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether a 45-minute class using summarize, narrow, analyze, probe, plan, and select (SNAPPS) could improve psychiatry residents' case discussion skills in diverse practical learning settings. DESIGN AND SETTING: This case-control, randomized, blinded study was conducted in a psychiatry hospital at Fortaleza-Ceará. METHODS: Using "resident as teacher" (RaT), objective structured teaching encounters (OSTEs), and SNAPPS, we conducted a study with 26 psychiatry residents. We analyzed video footage of psychiatric cases in three settings: outpatient, nursing, and emergency. An intervention was held two months later with the residents, who were then assigned to two groups: group A (lecture on SNAPPS) and group B (lecture on a topics in psychiatry). Shortly after the lectures, they were video recorded while discussing the same cases. Three blinded examiners analyzed the videos using an instrument based on the Stanford Faculty Development Program (SFDP-26). RESULTS: We found high internal consistency among external examiners and an interaction effect, group effect, and moment effect (P < 0.05). The residents who received the SNAPPS lecture scored significantly higher than their counterparts who received a traditional case presentation. CONCLUSION: This study indicates the efficacy of SNAPPS over traditional case presentation in all three settings as assessed by OSTEs and supports its implementation to improve the teaching of clinical reasoning.

Effectiveness of a SNAPPS in psychiatric residents assessed using objective structured teaching encounters: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Residents play the role of teachers in almost one-quarter of their activities in residency programs. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether a 45-minute class using summarize, narrow, analyze, probe, plan, and select (SNAPPS) could improve psychiatry residents' case discussion skills in diverse practical learning settings. DESIGN AND SETTING: This case-control, randomized, blinded study was conducted in a psychiatry hospital at Fortaleza-Ceará. METHODS: Using "resident as teacher" (RaT), objective structured teaching encounters (OSTEs), and SNAPPS, we conducted a study with 26 psychiatry residents. We analyzed video footage of psychiatric cases in three settings: outpatient, nursing, and emergency. An intervention was held two months later with the residents, who were then assigned to two groups: group A (lecture on SNAPPS) and group B (lecture on a topics in psychiatry). Shortly after the lectures, they were video recorded while discussing the same cases. Three blinded examiners analyzed the videos using an instrument based on the Stanford Faculty Development Program (SFDP-26). RESULTS: We found high internal consistency among external examiners and an interaction effect, group effect, and moment effect (P < 0.05). The residents who received the SNAPPS lecture scored significantly higher than their counterparts who received a traditional case presentation. CONCLUSION: This study indicates the efficacy of SNAPPS over traditional case presentation in all three settings as assessed by OSTEs and supports its implementation to improve the teaching of clinical reasoning.

Formas terapêuticas jurídicas para o litígio entre médicos e pacientes / Legal therapeutic forms for litigation between doctors and patients

Com a maior possibilidade de conhecimento e acesso a informações, o paciente deixa de ser uma parte passiva no relacionamento médico-paciente, sendo a cada dia mais contestador e argumentativo a respeito de seus diagnósticos e terapêuticas instituídas. Parte destes questionamentos, principalmente no que diz respeito a intercorrências médicas, acaba por desgastar esta relação, fenômeno que tem sido descrito como um potencializador na judicialização dos conflitos médicos no mundo. Com esta trajetória, assistiu-se de perto a um afastamento nessa relação médico-paciente, não apenas com um público geral mais desconfiado das prestações de serviços, mas também um médico mais desgastado, com posturas defensivas, hiperespecializado e, consequentemente, mais técnico e formalista do que humano e empático. O reforço na informação médica e na comunicação entre as partes é um sinalizador forte no que se pensa de uma profilaxia jurídica nas prestações de serviços médicos. Ainda assim, intercorrências ocorrem, e posturas diversas existem frente ao ocorrido. Quando isso ocorre, temos hoje a possibilidade de contar com um grande sistema jurídico dito "multiportas", capacitado a abrigar a contingência necessária, a depender do diagnóstico nas relações entre as partes, para uma terapia jurídica adequada a cada situação em particular. Tal "terapêutica jurídica" pode dar-se por autocomposição, como os consagrados métodos de mediação ou conciliação, já não estranhos à área da saúde, ou por métodos heterocompositivos, e, entres estes, a já conhecida tutela Estatal e a Arbitragem, por autonomia da vontade das partes desde que o direito a ser discutido seja disponível.

Highly empowered by knowledge and available information, patients are no longer a passive part of the patient-physician relationship but become more challenging and argumentative about their diagnoses and prescribed therapies. Part of the issues, especially regarding medical complications, may weaken this relationship, a phenomenon that has been described to enhance judiciary litigation against physicians worldwide. With this trajectory, there was a distance in this medical relationship. In this perspective, a wedge has been placed within the patient-physician relationship, delineating on one side a general public more suspicious of the services provided, and on the other side, a more worn-out doctor, with a defensive stance, hyper-specialized and consequently more technical and formalistic than humane and empathic. The reinforcement of medical information and communication between the parts strongly signal what is considered legal prophylaxis in medical services. Even so, complications do occur, and different attitudes do exist in the face of what may have happened. When this happens, one can count on a large legal system called "multi-doors," able to accommodate the necessary contingency, depending on the diagnosis in the relations between the parts, for a legal therapy appropriate to each particular situation. Such "legal therapy" can occur by self-composition, as are the established methods of Mediation and Conciliation, no longer foreign to the health area, or by heterocompositive methods, among which are the already well-known methods of judicial adjudication and Arbitration.

'Immunising' physicians against availability bias in diagnostic reasoning: a randomised controlled experiment.

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic errors have often been attributed to biases in physicians' reasoning. Interventions to 'immunise' physicians against bias have focused on improving reasoning processes and have largely failed. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of increasing physicians' relevant knowledge on their susceptibility to availability bias. DESIGN, SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: Three-phase multicentre randomised experiment with second-year internal medicine residents from eight teaching hospitals in Brazil. INTERVENTIONS: Immunisation: Physicians diagnosed one of two sets of vignettes (either diseases associated with chronic diarrhoea or with jaundice) and compared/contrasted alternative diagnoses with feedback. Biasing phase (1 week later): Physicians were biased towards either inflammatory bowel disease or viral hepatitis. Diagnostic performance test: All physicians diagnosed three vignettes resembling inflammatory bowel disease, three resembling hepatitis (however, all with different diagnoses). Physicians who increased their knowledge of either chronic diarrhoea or jaundice 1 week earlier were expected to resist the bias attempt. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Diagnostic accuracy, measured by test score (range 0-1), computed for subjected-to-bias and not-subjected-to-bias vignettes diagnosed by immunised and not-immunised physicians. RESULTS: Ninety-one residents participated in the experiment. Diagnostic accuracy differed on subjected-to-bias vignettes, with immunised physicians performing better than non-immunised physicians (0.40 vs 0.24; difference in accuracy 0.16 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.27); p=0.004), but not on not-subjected-to-bias vignettes (0.36 vs 0.41; difference -0.05 (95% CI -0.17 to 0.08); p=0.45). Bias only hampered non-immunised physicians, who performed worse on subjected-to-bias than not-subjected-to-bias vignettes (difference -0.17 (95% CI -0.28 to -0.05); p=0.005); immunised physicians' accuracy did not differ (p=0.56). CONCLUSIONS: An intervention directed at increasing knowledge of clinical findings that discriminate between similar-looking diseases decreased physicians' susceptibility to availability bias, reducing diagnostic errors, in a simulated setting. Future research needs to examine the degree to which the intervention benefits other disease clusters and performance in clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: 68745917.1.1001.0068.

Analysis of the Perception of Interns, Residents, and Preceptors through the Mini-CEX Evaluation Method (Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise) / Análise das Percepções de Internos, Residentes e Preceptores por meio do Método de Avaliação Mini-CEX (Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise)

Abstract: Introduction: Mini-CEX is an evaluation method that covers the domains: anamnesis, physical examination, counseling, clinical judgment, organization, and professionalism. It has been tested and validated for use in any practice scenario. With its characteristic of providing feedback after a clinical assessment, the Mini-CEX can also be used as a training method to guide the professional development of students and teachers, promoting greater knowledge retention in undergraduate students and continuously providing information for students to realize how far they are from the desired objectives. The aim of this study was to assess the perception of interns, residents, and preceptors of Internal Medicine (IM) regarding the Mini-CEX instrument. Methods: Qualitative study, using the focus group technique, carried out from February to July 2017. Twenty interns, thirteen residents, and five IM preceptors participated. It consisted of six focus groups, two with interns, two with residents, and two with preceptors, using semi-structured questions that identified perceptions, through the methodology used, on the quality of the evaluation and possible repercussions for the teaching-learning process. Results: In the focus group of interns, the feedback moment of the assessment was considered essential for the learning process, although the bedside assessment was tense due to the preceptor's presence. The residents reported that the evaluation was a valid one, as it led them to review some points in the medical literature, in addition to stimulating clinical reasoning in the face of a real situation. The preceptors validated the importance of the feedback for those who were evaluated and identified the bedside assessment as a moment for the best analysis of the individualities. Conclusion: Through the perceptions of the groups in focus, the mini-CEX was identified as a fundamental instrument for the teaching and learning process of all those involved and the need to structure the moment of feedback aiming to attain a more effective result. During the bedside assessment, the stimulus to clinical reasoning was identified as a positive point and the strangeness, anxiety, and tension as negative points.

Resumo: Introdução: O Mini-CEX é um método de avaliação que abrange os seguintes domínios: anamnese, exame físico, aconselhamento, julgamento clínico, organização e profissionalismo. Foi testado e validado para utilização em qualquer cenário de prática. Com sua característica de fornecer feedback após uma avaliação clínica, o Mini-CEX também serve como um método de formação para guiar o desenvolvimento profissional de formandos e formadores, promovendo maior retenção de conhecimento no corpo discente e fornecendo, continuamente, informações para que o estudante perceba o quão distante está dos objetivos almejados. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a percepção de internos, residentes e preceptores da clínica médica (CM) sobre instrumento Mini-CEX. Método: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo realizado pela técnica de grupo focal no período de fevereiro a julho de 2017. Participaram 20 internos, 13 residentes e cinco preceptores de CM. Constituíram-se seis grupos focais, dois com os internos, dois com residentes e dois com docentes, com perguntas semiestruturadas que identificaram as percepções, por meio da metodologia empregada, na qualidade da avaliação e eventuais repercussões para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Resultados: No grupo focal dos internos, o momento de feedback da avaliação foi considerado essencial para o processo de aprendizado embora a avaliação a beira-leito tenha se mostrado tensa pela presença do tutor. Os residentes relataram que a avaliação foi válida, pois os levou a revisar alguns pontos da literatura médica, além de estimular o raciocínio clinico diante de uma situação real. Os preceptores validaram a importância do feedback para os avaliados e identificaram a avaliação a beira-leito como momento de melhor análise das individualidades. Conclusão: Por meio das percepções dos grupos em foco, identificamos o Mini-CEX como ferramenta fundamental para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de todos os envolvidos e a necessidade de estruturação do momento de feedback para um resultado mais eficaz. Durante a avaliação a beira-leito, foi identificado o estímulo ao raciocínio clínico como ponto positivo e o estranhamento, a ansiedade e a tensão como pontos negativos.

Medical education in Brazil.

This paper aims to describe and analyze medical education in Brazil, a history of over 200 years. As in most European countries and influenced by the Flexner Report, an undergraduate medical course in Brazil takes 6 years. Recently, medical education research has been advocating a shift from a teacher-centered and hospital-based approach to student-centered and community-based education. Nevertheless, a huge variation exists among Brazilian medical schools. The physicians' supply program known as "More Physicians" has strongly impacted the number of medical schools in Brazil, which is growing rapidly. Professors of medicine from several institutions and other stakeholders have alerted authorities to the risks of operating so many schools without adequate time to prepare teachers, clinician-educators, curricula, and sufficient pedagogical structure to ensure quality medical education. The possibility of an imminent catastrophe in medical education has united stakeholders in pursuit of a guarantee of quality maintenance. This effort has resulted in the creation of an independent accreditation system approved by the World Federation of Medical Education. The study of the unbalanced relationship between stakeholders in medical education in Brazil until now has provided valuable information concerning the importance of having their roles and limits clear. It is possible that these findings might be replicable around the world.

Objective structured teaching examination (OSTE): an underused tool developed to assess clinical teaching skills. A narrative review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: There are plenty of options for evaluating medical students and medical residents' clinical skills. Objective structured clinical evaluations (OSCEs) have emerged as a powerful and reliable tool for assessing multiple cognition domains of clinical expertise. In the same way as OSCEs have emerged to assess clinical skills, objective structured teaching evaluations (OSTEs) have come to light as promising and unbiased interventions for evaluating the act of clinical teaching. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review developed at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil. METHODS: We searched the literature regarding OSTEs using the MEDLINE (via PubMed) and LILACS (viaBiblioteca Virtual em Saude) databases. The SciELO library was also searched for Brazilian papers. Systematic reviews, reviews and randomized controlled trials specifically assessing how OSTEs performed in relation to development of academic staff and medical residents were then selected. RESULTS: Our search retrieved 178 papers, of which 40 were considered eligible for intensive review. Most of the studies selected reported positive effects from OSTE activities. However, there was little quantitative data to gauge the impact of OSTEs on improvement of teaching skills. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that OSCEs have become a widely used tool for assessing medical students' and residents' clinical skills, it is high time to incorporate OSTEs for evaluating teaching skills in Brazil. Encouraging data to support implementation of this assessment tool in this country is available from abroad. The net benefit from this would possibly encompass medical students, residents and academic staff, through bringing awareness about the importance of excelling in teaching skills.

Residente como Professor: uma Iniciação à Docência / Resident as a Teacher: an Introduction to Teaching

RESUMO A residência médica, instituída legalmente no Brasil em 1977 pelo Decreto nº 80.281, é considerada a melhor estratégia de ensino em cenário de prática, sendo o padrão ouro da especialização médica. A característica mais marcante da residência é o treinamento em serviço, que articula ensino no cenário de prática, além de construir um perfil profissional. Os residentes desenvolvem também a função docente. Pesquisas americanas estimam que exerçam tal função em boa parte de suas atividades, chegando a um quarto do período total de tempo de seus programas de residência. Esse processo de ensino-aprendizagem durante a residência ainda é pouco estudado, principalmente no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma ampla revisão narrativa sobre RaT (Resident as Teacher), tema pouco explorado na literatura brasileira, avaliando historicamente o processo de ensino-aprendizagem dos programas de residência médica. Foi realizada uma revisão na literatura acerca do processo de ensino-aprendizagem da residência médica no Brasil e no mundo. Diversos países estão implementando treinamentos formais de ensino denominados programas de Resident as Teacher (RaT). Somente nos EUA, mais de 50% dos programas de residência têm alguma forma de treinamento RaT. Vários programas foram desenvolvidos e se diferenciam no conteúdo, na duração e no formato, porém são baseados em atributos de ensino considerados essenciais ao ensino. No que diz respeito ao conteúdo, os programas RaT enfatizam predominantemente o modelo preceptor minuto (One Minute Preceptor - OMP), a estrutura de ensino clínico do Programa de Desenvolvimento da Faculdade de Stanford ou os domínios mostrados por Irby como essenciais à excelência em ensino clínico. Em conclusão, sugere-se que os programas brasileiros de residência médica invistam em estudos e, consequentemente, em estratégias efetivas para aprimorar as técnicas de ensino para médicos residentes.

ABSTRACT The medical residency program, legally established in Brazil in 1977, is considered the best practical teaching strategy and it's a gold standard to physician specialization. Resident, house officer and registrar are synonymous to refer to post medical training after internship, who attending a program or programme, depends on the region of the globe you are. The teaching of the residency training program is conducted during patient care in all settings (i.e., bedside teaching), which brings together teaching in a practical setting and the improvement of a professional profile. Residents also develop their teaching skills. American researchers estimate that residents acts as teachers in almost one quarter of their residency programs. This teaching-learning process hasn't been thoroughly studied, especially in Brazil. The aim of this study was to do a narrative review about Rat (Resident as Teacher), an issue not explored in the Brazilian literature, evaluating the teaching-learning process in the medical residency programs. A review in the Brazilian and worldwide literature was conducted. In many countries, several formal training courses are being implemented worldwide under the "Resident as Teacher - RaT" denomination. In the United States, more than half of the residency programs have RaT training. The developed programs are different in their approach, duration and format. However, they are all based on attributes considered fundamental for teachers. Regarding content, RaT programs emphasize the One Minute Preceptor (OMP) model, the clinical teaching structure of the Stanford Faculty Development Program, or the domains shown by Irby to be essential for the excellence of clinical teaching. In conclusion it would be important for Brazilian programs to develop studies and, consequently, effective strategies to improve RaT.

Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention in the Management of Musculoskeletal Pain in Nursing Workers.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain is a prevalent disorder in nursing workers worldwide. Several studies have proposed measures to mitigate this critical scenario. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) have been found to have promising results in the treatment of this disorder. AIMS: To quantify the effectiveness of an adapted mindfulness program (AMP) in the management of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) in nursing technicians of a Brazilian university hospital. DESIGN: This study was a clinical, prospective, open, repeated measures trial, with data collection between January and July 2015. SETTINGS: Brazilian university hospital. PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS: Sixty-four female nursing technicians with a mean age of 47.01 years (standard deviation = 9.50) with chronic pain symptoms. METHODS: Sixty-four female nursing technicians with a mean age of 47.01 years (standard deviation = 9.50) and MSP participated in this prospective study. Before the intervention (T0), scores of anxiety, depression, mindfulness, musculoskeletal complaints, pain catastrophizing, self-compassion, and perception of quality of life were quantified. These scores were reevaluated after 8 weeks (T1) and 12 weeks (T2) of weekly AMP sessions (60 minutes each). The variables were evaluated by analysis of variance for repeated measures, followed by the Bonferroni test. RESULTS: AMP reduced the scores of musculoskeletal symptoms, anxiety, depression, and pain catastrophizing (p < .001). A significant increase was identified in self-compassion scores and perception of quality of life in the physical, psychological, and overall assessment (p ≤ .04). Positive effects of AMP occurred at T1 and remained unchanged at T2. CONCLUSION: AMP contributed to a reduction in painful symptoms and improved the quality of life of nursing workers, with a lasting effect until the 20th week of follow-up, indicating utility as an effective strategy for the management of MSP in the group studied.

Estrutura do Programa em Treinamento de Docência na Residência: Residente como Professor / Structure of The Teaching Training Program in Residency: The Resident as a Teacher

RESUMO Introdução Na residência médica, os residentes exercem o duplo papel de professor e aprendiz. Treinamentos de como ensinar residentes a exercer a função de docência com qualidade estão sendo implementados em todo o mundo e são denominados programas de Residente como Professor (Resident as Teacher - RaT). De acordo com as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Curso de Graduação em Medicina, pode-se aprender a estabelecer objetivos educacionais e matriz de competência, além de habilidades como comunicação, empatia, mediação de conflitos, entre outras. A implementação desses programas deve ser baseada na compreensão do contexto de cada residência médica na qual se deseja inseri-los, e os residentes também devem conhecer as potencialidades de cada cenário de atuação da sua especialidade para promover uma docência eficaz. Objetivo O objetivo do estudo foi o desenvolvimento de uma estrutura de programa de treinamento de docência (RaT) dividido em módulos e detalhado com suas respectivas referências bibliográficas. Metodologia Realizou-se uma revisão de literatura sobre ensino médico e testaram-se alguns métodos em cenário de prática durante uma dissertação de mestrado, utilizando a técnica SNAPPS, e durante uma tese de doutorado, utilizando a técnica OMP. Resultado Foi construído um programa de treinamento de docência nas residências médicas baseado nos resultados positivos encontrados na literatura sobre ensino médico. Propõe-se que cada módulo tenha a duração de um mês aproximadamente, com atividades de um turno por semana. O formato da discussão pode variar de acordo com cada especialidade e com o número de residentes de cada programa. Sugere-se a realização de flipped classroom (sala de aula invertida) com o envio do referencial bibliográfico de suporte sobre os temas aos residentes por e-mail uma semana antes da realização de cada módulo. Diversas atividades podem ser postas em prática em cada módulo para sedimentação do material estudado. Conclusão Após a estruturação de um roteiro a ser implementado pelos programas de residência médica no Brasil, espera-se que os residentes desempenhem com maior eficácia o papel que muitos já exercem na prática e que consequentemente o nível de aprendizagem dos alunos de graduação e internos melhore.

ABSTRACT Introduction In medical residency, residents play the dual role of teachers and learners. Training programs aiming at teaching residents how to become teachers are being implemented around the world and are referred to as 'Resident as teacher' (RaT) programs. According to the National Curricular Guidelines of the Medical Undergraduate Course, one can learn to establish educational goals and competence matrix, as well as skills such as communication, empathy, mediation of conflicts, among others. The implementation of these programs should be based on the understanding of the context of each medical residency where they are to be included and the residents should also know the potential of each scenario of their specialty to promote an effective teaching. Objective The objective of the study was the development of the structure of a Teaching Training Program (Resident as Teacher) divided into modules and detailed with their respective bibliographical references. Method a literature review was performed on medical education and some methods were tested in a practice scenario during a master's degree dissertation, using the SNAPPS technique, and during a doctoral thesis presentation using the OMP technique. Outcome A Teaching Training Program was built in medical residencies based on the positive results found in the medical education literature. It is proposed that each module has a duration of approximately one month, with activities lasting one shift per week. The format of the discussion may vary with each specialty and with the number of residents in each program. It is suggested that a flipped classroom situation be carried out, sending the bibliographic reference of support on the subjects to the residents by email one week before the completion of each module. Several activities can be implemented in each module to consolidate the studied material. Conclusion After structuring a script to be implemented by the residency programs in Brazil, residents are expected to more effectively play the role that many already exercise in practice and that the level of learning of undergraduate and internship students consequently improves.

Teaching skills for medical residents: are these important? A narrative review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: There is extensive evidence, mainly from the United States and Canada, that points towards the need to train medical residents in teaching skills. Much of the "informal curriculum", including professional values, is taught by residents when consultants are not around. Furthermore, data from the 1960s show the importance of acquiring these skills, not only for residents but also for all doctors. -Teaching moments can be identified in simple daily situations, like discussing a clinical situation with patients and their families, planning patients' care with the healthcare team or teaching peers and medical students. The aim here was to examine the significance of resident teaching courses and estimate the effectiveness of these courses and the state of the art in Brazil. METHODS: We conducted a review of the literature, using the MEDLINE, PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases to extract relevant articles describing residents-as-teachers (RaT) programs and the importance of teaching skills for medical residents. This review formed part of the development of a doctoral project on medical education. RESULTS: Original articles, reviews and systematic reviews were used to produce this paper as part of a doctoral project. CONCLUSIONS: RaT programs are important in clinical practice and as role models for junior learners. -Moreover, these educational programs improve residents' self-assessed teaching behaviors and teaching confidence. On the other hand, RaT program curricula are limited by both the number of studies and their methodologies. In Brazil, there is no such experience, according to the data gathered here, except for one master's thesis.

Evaluation of the impact of collaborative work by teams from the National Medical Residency Committee and the Brazilian Society of Neurosurgery. Retrospective and prospective study / Avaliação do impacto do trabalho conjunto das equipes da Comissão Nacional de Residência Médica e da Sociedade Brasileira de Neurocirurgia. Estudo retrospectivo e prospectivo

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Training for specialist physicians in Brazil can take place in different ways. Closer liaison between institutions providing this training and assessment and health care services may improve qualifications. This article analyzes the impact of closer links and joint work by teams from the National Medical Residency Committee (Comissão Nacional de Residência Médica, CNRM) and the Brazilian Society of Neurosurgery (Sociedade Brasileira de Neurocirurgia, SBN) towards evaluating these programs. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective and prospective study, conducted in a public university on a pilot project developed between CNRM and SBN for joint assessment of training programs across Brazil. METHODS: The literature in the most relevant databases was reviewed. Documents and legislation produced by official government bodies were evaluated. Training locations were visited. Reports produced about residency programs were analyzed. RESULTS: Only 26% of the programs were immediately approved. The joint assessments found problems relating to teaching and to functioning of clinical service in 35% of the programs. The distribution of programs in this country has a strong relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI) of the regions and is very similar to the distribution of specialists. CONCLUSION: Closer collaboration between the SBN and CNRM had a positive impact on assessment of neurosurgery medical residency across the country. The low rates of direct approval have produced modifications and improvements to the quality of teaching and care (services). Closer links between the CNRM and other medical specialties have the capability to positively change the structure and function of specialty training in Brazil.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A formação do médico especialista no Brasil pode ocorrer por diferentes vias. A aproximação das instituições que realizam essas formações e avaliam os médicos e as instituições de saúde pode trazer benefícios na qualificação. Este artigo analisa o impacto dessa aproximação e o trabalho conjunto das equipes da Comissão Nacional de Residência Médica (CNRM) e da Sociedade Brasileira de Neurocirurgia (SBN) na avaliação desses programas. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo retrospectivo e prospectivo, conduzido em uma universidade pública, sobre projeto piloto elaborado entre CNRM e SBN na avaliação conjunta dos programas de treinamento pelo Brasil. MÉTODOS: Revisão de literatura nas principais bases de dados, documentos e legislações produzidas por órgãos oficiais governamentais, visitas aos locais de formação e análise dos relatórios e pareces produzidos sobre os programas de residência médica. RESULTADOS: Apenas 26% dos programas foram aprovados diretamente. As avaliações conjuntas encontraram problemas relacionados ao ensino e ao funcionamento do serviço em cerca de 35% dos programas. A distribuição dos programas no país tem forte relação com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) das regiões e é muito semelhante à distribuição dos especialistas. CONCLUSÃO: A aproximação da SBN com a CNRM teve impacto positivo na avaliação das residências médicas em neurocirurgia no país. Os índices baixos de aprovação direta forçaram a realização de modificações e melhorias na qualidade de ensino e assistência (serviço). A aproximação da CNRM e das demais especialidades médicas pode alterar positivamente a estrutura e o funcionamento da formação médica no país.

Evaluation of the impact of collaborative work by teams from the National Medical Residency Committee and the Brazilian Society of Neurosurgery. Retrospective and prospective study.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Training for specialist physicians in Brazil can take place in different ways. Closer liaison between institutions providing this training and assessment and health care services may improve qualifications. This article analyzes the impact of closer links and joint work by teams from the National Medical Residency Committee (Comissão Nacional de Residência Médica, CNRM) and the Brazilian Society of Neurosurgery (Sociedade Brasileira de Neurocirurgia, SBN) towards evaluating these programs. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective and prospective study, conducted in a public university on a pilot project developed between CNRM and SBN for joint assessment of training programs across Brazil. METHODS: The literature in the most relevant databases was reviewed. Documents and legislation produced by official government bodies were evaluated. Training locations were visited. Reports produced about residency programs were analyzed. RESULTS: Only 26% of the programs were immediately approved. The joint assessments found problems relating to teaching and to functioning of clinical service in 35% of the programs. The distribution of programs in this country has a strong relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI) of the regions and is very similar to the distribution of specialists. CONCLUSION: Closer collaboration between the SBN and CNRM had a positive impact on assessment of neurosurgery medical residency across the country. The low rates of direct approval have produced modifications and improvements to the quality of teaching and care (services). Closer links between the CNRM and other medical specialties have the capability to positively change the structure and function of specialty training in Brazil.

Gender Might Be Factor for Student Admission in Two Brazilian Medical Schools / Gênero Pode Ser um Fator na Seleção do Vestibular de Duas Escolas Médicas Brasileiras

This is a secondary data-based study conducted to investigate whether gender is related to acceptance. Two Brazilian Medical Schools, Universities A and B, were studied. Their entrance exams (EE) were analysed and the number of candidates who took the EE was compared to the number of students admitted to the MS according to gender, in the period between 1995 and 2009. The same data from MS in the United States in 2011 was also evaluated. There was an increase in the percentage of female applicants but it did not correspond to the percentage of admitted students of the same gender. There was a trend of selecting men. At A, 39.3% of the applicants and 47% of the admitted students were men (OR = 1.37; CI95% = 1.24 – 1.51). In B, men represented 39.3% of the applicants and 65.4% of the admitted students (OR = 2.93; CI 95% = 2.76 – 3.11). This was not seen in US MS. The analysis of the EE suggests that the greater selection of men could be a product of EE format.

Este é um estudo de dados secundários para investigar se o gênero é um fator determinante na admissão do vestibular de Medicina. O vestibular de duas escolas médicas (EM) brasileiras, universidades A e B, foi analisado, e o número de candidatos de cada vestibular foi comparado ao número de alunos matriculados em cada EM de acordo com o gênero no período de 1995 a 2009. Os mesmos dados disponíveis dos Estados Unidos (EUA) em 2011 foram avaliados. Notou-se um aumento do número de mulheres prestando vestibular de Medicina, mas este aumento não correspondeu à porcentagem de mulheres matriculadas. Houve uma tendência a selecionar mais homens. Em A, 39,3% dos candidatos e 47% dos estudantes admitidos eram homens (OR = 1,37; IC95% = 1,24 – 1,51). Em B, os homens representavam 39,3% dos candidatos e 65,4% dos estudantes admitidos (OR = 2,93; IC95% = 2,76 – 3,11). Estes resultados não foram confirmados nas EM dos EUA. A análise do EE sugere que a maior seleção de homens poderia ser produto do formato dos vestibulares.

Ampliação de vagas e de cenários de prática nos programas de residência médica da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de São Paulo / Expansion of vacancies and practice scenarios in residence program medical Secretary of São Paulo Health

Buscando a qualificação de profissionais para que assumam compromisso com o Sistema Único de Saúde a SMS ampliou o número de vagas para residência médica e adotou como estratégia a residência em rede de atenção a saúde, ofertando os diversos equipamentos e cenários de prática da SMS São Paulo. De 2013 para 2014, buscamos o credenciamento de novas vagas pela CNRM e constituímos a residência em rede. O Município de São Paulo passou a ter oito COREMEs com 32 programas de residências, financiadas SMS/MS. Das 209 vagas de residentes de primeiro ano ofertadas em 2013, passamos a ofertar 371, com isto ampliamos o número de profissionais em curso de especialização (Lato Sensu) em programas prioritários para SMS em 37,6% em nossas Instituições. Demos com isto visibilidade aos programas e 2015, o número de vagas ofertadas será de 413. Com estas medidas, propiciamos a qualificação do serviço, valorização do profissional e instiga discutir novos caminhos sobre a Saúde do cidadão. (AU)